View source for Example:Smooth map between the real line and the circle (considered as smooth manifolds)

: {{Note|This work is done in the context of the book ''{{link|An Introduction to Manifolds - Loring W. Tu|ns=books}}''}}
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==Example==
Let [[real line|{{M|\mathbb{R} }}]] be considered as a [[smooth manifold]] (with the [[differentiable structure (manifold)|differentiable]] / [[smooth structure (manifold)|smooth]] structure [[maximal smooth atlas induced by|induced by]] the [[smooth atlas]] {{M|\{(\mathbb{R},\text{Id}_{\mathbb{R} }:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow\mathbb{R})\} }}<ref group="Note">Obviously {{M|\text{Id}_\mathbb{R} }} is the [[identity map]], {{M|\text{Id}_\mathbb{R}:x\mapsto x}}</ref>) and let [[Circle|{{M|\mathbb{S}^1}}]] be considered as a smooth manifold with the smooth structure induced by the smooth atlas<ref group="Note">That's a lot of "''smooth''"s</ref> {{M|\{(U^{+},\varphi_+:U^+\rightarrow I),\ (U^-,\varphi_-:U^-\rightarrow I),\ (V^+,\psi_+:V^+\rightarrow I),\ (V^-,\psi_-:V^-\rightarrow I) \} }}, where:
* {{M|I:\eq(-1,1)\subset\mathbb{R} }} - the open interval of unit length in each direction<ref group="Note">typically we use {{M|I:\eq[0,1]\subset\mathbb{R} }} - say in measure theory, so be aware of that</ref>
* {{M|U^+:\eq\{(x,y)\in\mathbb{S}^1\ \big\vert\ y>0\} }} and {{M|\varphi_+:U^+\rightarrow I}} by {{M|\varphi_+:(x,y)\mapsto x}}
* {{M|U^-:\eq\{(x,y)\in\mathbb{S}^1\ \big\vert\ y<0\} }} and {{M|\varphi_-:U^-\rightarrow I}} by {{M|\varphi_-:(x,y)\mapsto x}}
* {{M|V^+:\eq\{(x,y)\in\mathbb{S}^1\ \big\vert\ x>0\} }} and {{M|\psi_+:U^+\rightarrow I}} by {{M|\psi_+:(x,y)\mapsto y}}
* {{M|V^-:\eq\{(x,y)\in\mathbb{S}^1\ \big\vert\ x<0\} }} and {{M|\psi_-:U^-\rightarrow I}} by {{M|\psi_-:(x,y)\mapsto y}}
===Claim===
Under these conditions we claim the map:
* {{M|F:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow\mathbb{S}^1}} given by {{M|F:t\mapsto\big(\cos(t),\sin(t)\big)}} is a [[smooth map between manifolds]]
==Proof==
There are two ways we could do this, firstly using the definition where we get to choose a chart such that the domain of the first chart to the first manifold through the map to the second manifold and to that chart's domain is smooth in the usual sense, or we can show this for any charts (covering the necessary point in the domain), we will do it the former way as this is equivalent to the latter anyway.

* Let {{M|p\in\mathbb{R} }} be given, we will show that {{M|F}} is {{M|C^\infty}}/smooth here, since this is arbitrary, smooth everywhere.
** Choose {{M|(\mathbb{R},\text{Id}_\mathbb{R})}} as the [[smooth chart|(smooth) chart]]<ref group="Note">We could use "smooth chart" to mean any chart from a (maximal) smooth atlas, then use chart for just "any chart" however we have not made that decision yet, so we will use chart and smooth chart to mean the same thing - any chart from the [[smooth structure]]</ref> about {{M|p}}
*** We now have four cases for where {{M|(x,y):\eq F(p)}} lies, they are {{M|y>0}}, {{M|y<0}}, {{M|(y\eq 0\text{ and }x\eq-1)}} and {{M|(y\eq 0\text{ and }x\eq 1)}}
***# Suppose {{M|y>0}}, this is covered by the chart {{M|(U^+,\varphi_+)}}
***#* We require now that {{M|\big(\varphi_+\circ F\circ\text{Id}_\mathbb{R}^{-1}\big):\underbrace{\text{Id}_\mathbb{R}(\mathbb{R}\cap F^{-1}(U^+))}_{\subseteq\mathbb{R} }\rightarrow \underbrace{I:\eq(-1,1)}_{\subseteq\mathbb{R} } }} - restricting to common domains as appropriate - be smooth at {{M|\text{Id}_\mathbb{R}(p)\eq p}}
***#*: This map is given by {{M|\big(\varphi_+\circ F\circ\text{Id}_\mathbb{R}^{-1}\big):r\mapsto\cos(r)}}
***#** We can preform a little bit of analysis (which isn't really needed) to tidy this up as:
***#*** {{M|\big(\varphi_+\circ F\circ\text{Id}_\mathbb{R}^{-1}\big)\eq \varphi_+\circ F:\bigcup_{k\in\mathbb{Z} }\underbrace{\big(2\pi k, 2\pi k+\pi\big)}_{\subseteq\mathbb{R} }\rightarrow \underbrace{I:\eq(-1,1)}_{\subseteq\mathbb{R} } }} by {{M|\varphi_+\circ F:r\mapsto \cos(r)}}
***#* As {{M|\cos}} is known to be smooth (infinitely differentiable) and it is "obvious"<ref group="Note">{{XXX|Qualify this!}}</ref> that restricted to an [[open subset]] of {{M|\mathbb{R} }} would leave smoothness at a point unhindered.
*** The other cases are similar. 

{{Requires proof|grade=C|msg=Finish this!}}
==Notes==
<references group="Note"/>
==References==
<references/>
{{Example Of|Manifolds|Smooth Manifolds}}