Difference between revisions of "A continuous map induces a homomorphism on fundamental groups"
(Using diagram template - added proof, nearly finished) |
(Added some content, made clear this is a proof page, not a definition page.) |
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#* {{M|\varphi_*([f]):\eq[\varphi\circ f]}} | #* {{M|\varphi_*([f]):\eq[\varphi\circ f]}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
+ | : '''Note: ''' this page is the proof of the [[fundamental group homomorphism induced by a continuous map]] being 1) a map, and 2) a group homomorphism. See that page for the definition. | ||
__TOC__ | __TOC__ | ||
==Statement== | ==Statement== | ||
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* {{M|\varphi_\ast:\pi_1(X,p)\rightarrow\pi_1(Y,\varphi(p))}} defined by {{M|\varphi_\ast:[f]\mapsto[\varphi\circ f]}} is a [[group homomorphism|homomorphism of the fundamental groups of {{M|X}} and {{M|Y}}]] | * {{M|\varphi_\ast:\pi_1(X,p)\rightarrow\pi_1(Y,\varphi(p))}} defined by {{M|\varphi_\ast:[f]\mapsto[\varphi\circ f]}} is a [[group homomorphism|homomorphism of the fundamental groups of {{M|X}} and {{M|Y}}]] | ||
{{Caveat|We are implicitly claiming it is well defined:}} as we do not have {{M|f}} when we write {{M|[f]}}, to obtain {{M|f}} we must look at the inverse relation of the canonical projection, {{M|\mathbb{P}_X^{-1}([f]) }} in the notation developed next, giving us a set of all things equivalent to {{M|f}} and for any of these {{M|\varphi_\ast}} must yield the same result. | {{Caveat|We are implicitly claiming it is well defined:}} as we do not have {{M|f}} when we write {{M|[f]}}, to obtain {{M|f}} we must look at the inverse relation of the canonical projection, {{M|\mathbb{P}_X^{-1}([f]) }} in the notation developed next, giving us a set of all things equivalent to {{M|f}} and for any of these {{M|\varphi_\ast}} must yield the same result. | ||
− | * {{M|\varphi_\ast}} is called the [[homomorphism induced by a continuous map|homomorphism induced by the continuous map {{M|\varphi}}]] | + | * {{M|\varphi_\ast}} is called the [[fundamental group homomorphism induced by a continuous map|homomorphism induced by the continuous map {{M|\varphi}}]] |
===Formal definition=== | ===Formal definition=== | ||
{{Diagram|1=<m>\xymatrix{ | {{Diagram|1=<m>\xymatrix{ | ||
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In this case we claim that{{rITTMJML}}: | In this case we claim that{{rITTMJML}}: | ||
* {{M|\varphi_\ast(\alpha):\eq\mathbb{P}_Y(M_\varphi(\mathbb{P}^{-1}_X(\alpha)))}} is an unambiguous (i.e. is [[well-defined]]) definition and is a [[group homomorphism]]. | * {{M|\varphi_\ast(\alpha):\eq\mathbb{P}_Y(M_\varphi(\mathbb{P}^{-1}_X(\alpha)))}} is an unambiguous (i.e. is [[well-defined]]) definition and is a [[group homomorphism]]. | ||
− | ** It is called the [[homomorphism induced by a continuous map|homomorphism induced by the continuous map {{M|\varphi}}]] | + | ** It is called the [[fundamental group homomorphism induced by a continuous map|homomorphism induced by the continuous map {{M|\varphi}}]] |
+ | ==See next== | ||
+ | It would be better to look at the [[fundamental group homomorphism induced by a continuous map]] page, this is just a proof, but if not: | ||
+ | * {{XXX|Expand on this, link to the identity property and the composition property on page 197.6 of{{rITTMJML}}}} | ||
==Proof== | ==Proof== | ||
+ | We use the context of the formal definition. Before we show "the map" is a group homomorphism we must show it actually is a map, as it is defined. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Remember that when we write {{M|[f]}} that there are many choices of map, say {{M|g}} such that {{M|[g]\eq [f]}}, we must check it is well defined, which as usual means: | ||
+ | * [[factor (function)|factoring]] is in play. | ||
+ | Then we show it is a group homomorphism, ie: | ||
+ | * {{M|1=\forall a,b\in\pi_1(X,p)[\varphi_*(a\cdot b)\eq\varphi_*(a)\cdot\varphi_*(b)]}} | ||
===[[Well-definedness]] of {{M|\varphi_*}}=== | ===[[Well-definedness]] of {{M|\varphi_*}}=== | ||
{{Diagram|1=<m>\xymatrix{ | {{Diagram|1=<m>\xymatrix{ | ||
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|2=test}} | |2=test}} | ||
We wish to {{link|factor|function}} to yield the map {{M|\overline{M_\varphi} }} as shown on the right. To apply the theorem we must first show: | We wish to {{link|factor|function}} to yield the map {{M|\overline{M_\varphi} }} as shown on the right. To apply the theorem we must first show: | ||
− | * {{M|\forall f,g\in\Omega(X,p)\big[\big(\mathbb{P}_X(f)\eq\mathbb{P}_X(g)\big)\implies\big(\mathbb{P}_Y(M_\varphi(f))\eq\mathbb{P}_Y(M_\varphi(g))\big)\big]}} | + | * {{M|\forall f,g\in\Omega(X,p)\big[\big(\mathbb{P}_X(f)\eq\mathbb{P}_X(g)\big)\implies}}{{M|\big(\mathbb{P}_Y(M_\varphi(f))\eq\mathbb{P}_Y(M_\varphi(g))\big)\big]}} |
'''Proof:''' | '''Proof:''' | ||
* Let {{M|f,g\in\Omega(X,p)}} be given | * Let {{M|f,g\in\Omega(X,p)}} be given | ||
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This justifies the notation {{M|\overline{M_\varphi}:[f]\mapsto [\varphi\circ f]}} - as it doesn't matter whuch {{M|f}} we take to represent the [[equivalence class] {{M|[f]}}. | This justifies the notation {{M|\overline{M_\varphi}:[f]\mapsto [\varphi\circ f]}} - as it doesn't matter whuch {{M|f}} we take to represent the [[equivalence class] {{M|[f]}}. | ||
− | ===Group homomorphism=== | + | ===[[Group homomorphism]]=== |
We want to show that: | We want to show that: | ||
* {{M|\forall [f],[g]\in\pi_1(X,p)\big[\varphi_\ast([f]\cdot[g])\eq\varphi_\ast([f])\cdot\varphi_\ast([g])\big]}} | * {{M|\forall [f],[g]\in\pi_1(X,p)\big[\varphi_\ast([f]\cdot[g])\eq\varphi_\ast([f])\cdot\varphi_\ast([g])\big]}} |
Revision as of 04:02, 14 December 2016
- The definition is a little messy and due to the clutter doesn't show the most important part:
- [ilmath]\varphi_*([f]):\eq[\varphi\circ f][/ilmath]
- Note: this page is the proof of the fundamental group homomorphism induced by a continuous map being 1) a map, and 2) a group homomorphism. See that page for the definition.
Contents
Statement
Let [ilmath](X,\mathcal{ J })[/ilmath] and [ilmath](Y,\mathcal{ K })[/ilmath] be topological spaces, let [ilmath]\varphi:X\rightarrow Y[/ilmath] be a continuous map and let [ilmath]p\in X[/ilmath] serve as the base point for the fundamental group of [ilmath]X[/ilmath] at [ilmath]p[/ilmath], [ilmath]\pi_1(X,p)[/ilmath]. Then[1]:
- [ilmath]\varphi_\ast:\pi_1(X,p)\rightarrow\pi_1(Y,\varphi(p))[/ilmath] defined by [ilmath]\varphi_\ast:[f]\mapsto[\varphi\circ f][/ilmath] is a homomorphism of the fundamental groups of [ilmath]X[/ilmath] and [ilmath]Y[/ilmath]
Caveat:We are implicitly claiming it is well defined: as we do not have [ilmath]f[/ilmath] when we write [ilmath][f][/ilmath], to obtain [ilmath]f[/ilmath] we must look at the inverse relation of the canonical projection, [ilmath]\mathbb{P}_X^{-1}([f]) [/ilmath] in the notation developed next, giving us a set of all things equivalent to [ilmath]f[/ilmath] and for any of these [ilmath]\varphi_\ast[/ilmath] must yield the same result.
- [ilmath]\varphi_\ast[/ilmath] is called the homomorphism induced by the continuous map [ilmath]\varphi[/ilmath]
Formal definition
With our situation we automatically have the following (which do not use their conventional symbols):
- [ilmath]\mathbb{P}_X:[/ilmath][ilmath]\Omega(X,p)[/ilmath][ilmath]\rightarrow\pi_1(X,p)[/ilmath][Note 1][Note 2] is the canonical projection of the equivalence relation
- i.e. [ilmath]\mathbb{P}_X:f\mapsto [f]\in\frac{\Omega(X,p)}{\big({\small(\cdot)}\simeq{\small(\cdot)}\ (\text{rel }\{0,1\})\big)} [/ilmath];
- [ilmath]\mathbb{P}_Y:\Omega(Y,\varphi(p))\rightarrow\pi_1(Y,\varphi(p))[/ilmath] is the canonical projection as above but for [ilmath]Y[/ilmath], and
- [ilmath]M_\varphi:\Omega(X,p)\rightarrow\Omega(Y,\varphi(p))[/ilmath] by [ilmath]M:f\mapsto(\varphi\circ f)[/ilmath] is the core of the definition, the map taking loops to their images
In this case we claim that[1]:
- [ilmath]\varphi_\ast(\alpha):\eq\mathbb{P}_Y(M_\varphi(\mathbb{P}^{-1}_X(\alpha)))[/ilmath] is an unambiguous (i.e. is well-defined) definition and is a group homomorphism.
- It is called the homomorphism induced by the continuous map [ilmath]\varphi[/ilmath]
See next
It would be better to look at the fundamental group homomorphism induced by a continuous map page, this is just a proof, but if not:
- TODO: Expand on this, link to the identity property and the composition property on page 197.6 of[1]
Proof
We use the context of the formal definition. Before we show "the map" is a group homomorphism we must show it actually is a map, as it is defined.
Remember that when we write [ilmath][f][/ilmath] that there are many choices of map, say [ilmath]g[/ilmath] such that [ilmath][g]\eq [f][/ilmath], we must check it is well defined, which as usual means:
- factoring is in play.
Then we show it is a group homomorphism, ie:
- [ilmath]\forall a,b\in\pi_1(X,p)[\varphi_*(a\cdot b)\eq\varphi_*(a)\cdot\varphi_*(b)][/ilmath]
Well-definedness of [ilmath]\varphi_*[/ilmath]
We wish to factor to yield the map [ilmath]\overline{M_\varphi} [/ilmath] as shown on the right. To apply the theorem we must first show:
- [ilmath]\forall f,g\in\Omega(X,p)\big[\big(\mathbb{P}_X(f)\eq\mathbb{P}_X(g)\big)\implies[/ilmath][ilmath]\big(\mathbb{P}_Y(M_\varphi(f))\eq\mathbb{P}_Y(M_\varphi(g))\big)\big][/ilmath]
Proof:
- Let [ilmath]f,g\in\Omega(X,p)[/ilmath] be given
- Suppose that [ilmath]\mathbb{P}_X(f)\neq\mathbb{P}_X(g)[/ilmath] - then by the nature of logical implication we're done, we do not care about the truth or falsity of the RHS
- Suppose that [ilmath]\mathbb{P}_X(f)\eq\mathbb{P}_X(g)[/ilmath] - then we must show that in this case [ilmath]\mathbb{P}_Y(M_\varphi(f))\eq\mathbb{P}_Y(M_\varphi(g))[/ilmath]
- We have [ilmath]\mathbb{P}_X(f)\eq\mathbb{P}_X(g)[/ilmath], that means:
- [ilmath]f\simeq g\ (\text{rel }\{0,1\})[/ilmath]
- By the composition of end-point-preserving-homotopic paths with a continuous map yields end-point-preserving-homotopic paths, this means:
- [ilmath](\varphi\circ f)\simeq(\varphi\circ g)\ (\text{rel }\{0,1\})[/ilmath]
- By the composition of end-point-preserving-homotopic paths with a continuous map yields end-point-preserving-homotopic paths, this means:
- [ilmath]f\simeq g\ (\text{rel }\{0,1\})[/ilmath]
- Thus [ilmath]\mathbb{P}_X(f)\eq\mathbb{P}_X(g)\implies (\varphi\circ f)\simeq(\varphi\circ g)\ (\text{rel }\{0,1\})[/ilmath]
- Furthermore [ilmath](\varphi\circ f)\simeq(\varphi\circ g)\ (\text{rel }\{0,1\})[/ilmath] is exactly the definition of [ilmath][\varphi\circ f]\eq[\varphi\circ g][/ilmath] (i.e. [ilmath]\mathbb{P}_Y(\varphi\circ f)\eq\mathbb{P}_Y(\varphi\circ g)[/ilmath]) (which are obviously in [ilmath]\pi_1(Y,\varphi(p))[/ilmath] of course)
- Next let us simplify the RHS:
- [ilmath]\mathbb{P}_Y(M_\varphi(f))[/ilmath]
- [ilmath]\eq\mathbb{P}_Y(\varphi\circ f)[/ilmath]
- [ilmath]\eq[\varphi\circ f][/ilmath]
- [ilmath]\mathbb{P}_Y(M_\varphi(g))[/ilmath]
- [ilmath]\eq\mathbb{P}_Y(\varphi\circ g)[/ilmath]
- [ilmath]\eq[\varphi\circ g][/ilmath]
- [ilmath]\mathbb{P}_Y(M_\varphi(f))[/ilmath]
- We have already shown that we have [ilmath][\varphi\circ f]\eq[\varphi\circ g][/ilmath] from the LHS
- We have [ilmath]\mathbb{P}_X(f)\eq\mathbb{P}_X(g)[/ilmath], that means:
- So the entire thing boiled down to:
- Since [ilmath]f,g\in\Omega(X,p)[/ilmath] we arbitrary we have shown it for all.
Thus we may define [ilmath]\overline{M_\varphi}:\pi_1(X,p)\rightarrow\pi_1(Y,\varphi(p))[/ilmath] unambiguously by [ilmath]\overline{M_\varphi}:\alpha\mapsto\mathbb{P}_Y(M_\varphi(\mathbb{P}^{-1}_X(\alpha)))[/ilmath] - it doesn't matter which representative of [ilmath]\mathbb{P}^{-1}_X(\alpha)[/ilmath] we take.
This justifies the notation [ilmath]\overline{M_\varphi}:[f]\mapsto [\varphi\circ f][/ilmath] - as it doesn't matter whuch [ilmath]f[/ilmath] we take to represent the [[equivalence class] [ilmath][f][/ilmath].
Group homomorphism
We want to show that:
- [ilmath]\forall [f],[g]\in\pi_1(X,p)\big[\varphi_\ast([f]\cdot[g])\eq\varphi_\ast([f])\cdot\varphi_\ast([g])\big][/ilmath]
We will do this by operating on the left-hand-side (LHS) and the right-hand-side (RHS) separately.
- Let [ilmath][f],[g]\in\pi_1(X,p)[/ilmath] be given.
- We now operate on the LHS and RHS:
- The LHS:
- [ilmath]\varphi_\ast([f]\cdot[g])[/ilmath]
- [ilmath]\eq\varphi_\ast([f*g])[/ilmath] (by the operation of the fundamental group) - note that [ilmath]*[/ilmath] here denotes loop concatenation of course.
- [ilmath]\eq[\varphi\circ(f*g)][/ilmath] (by definition of [ilmath]\varphi_\ast[/ilmath])
- [ilmath]\varphi_\ast([f]\cdot[g])[/ilmath]
- The RHS:
- [ilmath]\varphi_\ast([f])\cdot\varphi_\ast([g])[/ilmath]
- [ilmath]\eq[\varphi\circ f]\cdot[\varphi\circ g][/ilmath]
- [ilmath]\eq[(\varphi\circ f)*(\varphi\circ g)][/ilmath]
- [ilmath]\varphi_\ast([f])\cdot\varphi_\ast([g])[/ilmath]
- The LHS:
- Now we must show they're equal.
- Using the definition of loop concatenation we see [ilmath]\text{LHS}\eq\varphi\circ\left(\left\{\begin{array}{lr}f(2t)&\text{for }t\in[0,\frac{1}{2}]\\ g(2t-1)&\text{for }t\in[\frac{1}{2},1]\end{array}\right.\right)[/ilmath][ilmath]\eq\left\{\begin{array}{lr}\varphi(f(2t))&\text{for }t\in[0,\frac{1}{2}]\\\varphi(g(2t-1)&\text{for }t\in[\frac{1}{2},1]\end{array}\right.[/ilmath]
- Also using the definition of loop concatenation we see [ilmath]\text{RHS}\eq\left\{\begin{array}{lr}\varphi(f(2t))&\text{for }t\in[0,\frac{1}{2}]\\\varphi(g(25-1))&\text{for }t\in[\frac{1}{2},1]\end{array}\right.[/ilmath]
- Clearly these are the same
- We now operate on the LHS and RHS:
- Since [ilmath][f],[g]\in\pi_1(X,p)[/ilmath] were arbitrary we have shown this for all. As required.
Template:Proofreading of proof required
Notes
- ↑ [ilmath]\pi_X[/ilmath] is not used for the canonical projection because [ilmath]\pi[/ilmath] is already in play as the fundamental group. Although it wouldn't lead to ambiguous writings, it's not helpful
- ↑ Recall that [ilmath]\Omega(X,p)[/ilmath] is the set of all loops in [ilmath]X[/ilmath] based at [ilmath]p\in X[/ilmath]. There is an operation, loop concatenation, but it isn't a monoid or even a semigroup yet! As concatenation is not associative
References
- Stub pages
- XXX Todo
- Theorems
- Theorems, lemmas and corollaries
- Topology Theorems
- Topology Theorems, lemmas and corollaries
- Topology
- Algebraic Topology Theorems
- Algebraic Topology Theorems, lemmas and corollaries
- Algebraic Topology
- Homotopy Theory Theorems
- Homotopy Theory Theorems, lemmas and corollaries
- Homotopy Theory